INTRODUCTION:

Aging is not ‘lost youth’ but a new stage of opportunity and strength”

-Betty Friedan

Today we are young but tomorrow we will grow. This is the unexceptionable process of every human life. As a human being we need to protect our elder in an empathetic way. The functional capacity of an individual's biological system naturally declines thereafter adulthood. Elder is the rich source of the younger generations. We need to protect and preserve our elder generations for the benefit of future generations. This is not only for sake elder but also for the present generations. The world is in the midst of a unique and irreversible process of demographic transition that will result in older populations everywhere (Second World Assembly on Ageing, 2002 - Madrid, Spain). Due to the fertility rates decline, the proportion of persons aged 60 and over expected to double between 2007 and 2050, and their actual number will more than triple by 2050. In most countries, the number of those over 80 is likely to quadruple to nearly 400 million by then (United Nations, 2015).

However, around the world, as people live longer, the health and well-being of older populations are receiving more attention. According to World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, older people are the fastest-growing age group worldwide. Many of the developing and less-developed countries have less physical and social infrastructure than developed countries to deal with this major issues pertaining to older people. India is the second largest country having a large share of the population in the world and witness the problems of elderly in all aspects of their life. So many circumstances are collating to decrease the strength and opportunities of the elder population at the last stage of the human lifespan. We do not develop them but we can allow them to develop themselves. It is not our contribution but it is their right to live and protect from evils. In this context, the researcher is trying framing a ‘SMART' framework for inclusion the older people into active and joyful life at their end.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

There are two broad objectives of the study were formulated; one is to understand the context of aged population and second is to establish a framework for inclusion of older people to enhance their quality of life as people age. In this perspective, the researcher formulated ‘SMART’ method to reach the above objective.

THE METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY:

The study is based on the review and analysis of available secondary data sources has been collected through published reports, books, research articles, documents, monographs of different NGOs, CBOs, UNO, WHO and Government of India portals. Based on the secondary data, and discussions of workshop organised by the Centre for Study Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy (CSSEIP), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam were also undertaken by the researcher to adopt and frame the concept of ‘SMART’ model for inclusion of older people to enhance their quality of life as people age.

The Concept of Ageing:

Ageing is a natural process, spanning the life period from conception through Birth – Infancy – Childhood – Adolescence – Adulthood – Old Age to Death. Each of these stages has unique characteristics and vulnerabilities requiring special attention to ensure optimum health during each stage. The physical and mental health in each stage influence the further stages in lifespan, which ultimately leads to the active aged population if proper attention is need for the healthcare need of individual at each stage. Rapidly increasing aged population is one of the biggest political and socio-economic issues in the present day world. The study of ageing is a multi-disciplinary, composed of three kinds of ageing: biological, psychological and social, (International Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, 1968).

Aged Population in India:

A report released by the United Nations Population Fund and HelpAge India suggests that India had 90 million elderly persons in 2011, with the number expected to grow to 173 million by 2026. Of the 90 million seniors, 30 million are living alone, and 90 percent work for the livelihood. According to a report titled "Situation Analysis of the Elderly in India" by Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation, Government of India, the elderly population account for nearly 104 million elderly persons (aged 60 years or above) in India; 53 million females and 51 million males. Both the share and size of the elderly population is increasing over time. From 5.6% in 1961 the proportion has increased to 8.6% in 2011. For males, it was marginally lower at 8.2%, while for females it was 9.0%. As regards rural and urban areas, 71% of the elderly population resides in rural areas while 29 % is in urban areas. The sex ratio among elderly people was as high as 1028 in 1951, subsequently dropped and again reached up to 1033 in 2011.

The life expectancy at birth during 2009-13 was 69.3 for females as against 65.8 years for males. At the age of 60 years average remaining length of life was found to be about 18 years (16.9 for males and 19.0 for females) and that at age 70 was less than 12 years (10.9 for males and 12.3 for females). The old-age dependency ratio climbed from 10.9% in 1961 to 14.2% in 2011 for India as a whole. For females and males, the value of the ratio was 14.9% and 13.6% in 2011. In rural areas, 66% of elderly men and 28% of elderly women were working, while in urban areas only 46% of elderly men and about 11% of elderly women were working. Prevalence of heart diseases among the elderly population was much higher in urban areas than in rural parts.

The Needs and Rights of Older People:

The rights of older people are no different to the rights of any other person. There is, however, an increased risk to the realisation of these rights to the extent that physical or mental frailty or disability imposes limitations on some older people. The needs of such older people are for the support and services to counteract the effects of these limitations. Discrimination based on age can pose a further threat to the realisation of the rights of the older person. Human rights and "quality of life" or "life satisfaction" are clearly related. Any deliberate obstruction to the achievement of a satisfying and productive life represents an invasion of the rights of the individual. Equally, the lack of reasonable support services to counteract the effects of physical or mental disability also represents a threat to the rights of older people. The following is a list of some of the "domains" of quality of life, the threats to these domains and how these can be counteracted:

a. Material Well-Being:

This includes a reasonable standard of accommodation (including accommodation in long-stay facilities), adequate possessions and sufficient money to maintain a reasonable standard of comfort. Public provision to ensure adequate housing and a realistic system of income support is need to vindicate this objective.

b. Emotional Well-Being:

Lack of function can result in depression. Bereavement, isolation, and lack of access to effective transport services also represent threats. Public policies in relation to mobility, transport (particularly transport for the disabled), the provision of day care services and access to counselling services can counteract these threats.

c. Social Inclusion:

This domain involves being accept as part of the community and being able to contribute to that community. The support of both public and voluntary agencies is necessary in many cases of disability and, particularly, lack of mobility.

d. Physical Well-Being:

This domain is often problematic for older people. Access to adequate medical care, physical and occupational therapy can counteract much of the negative effects of illness or disability.

e. Interpersonal Relationships:

Regular and consistent contact with family and friends is essential to a good quality of life. Mobility and transport services can be important in this respect, but it is also necessary for personnel from statutory and voluntary agencies to help promote these contacts in many cases.

f. Self Determination:

Dependence on other people and particularly in cases of older people in institutional care can result in severe limitation to the expression of self-determination. The enhancement of this essential element of quality of life requires both skill and constant awareness by caring person.

Legal Provisions for the Protection of Aged:

The programmes and the policies of the Central and State Governments aim at equipping Aged to sustain a life of respect and honour and to become contributing citizens. In this process, the government sector, autonomous bodies, NGOs and even the corporate world are involved in formulating and implementing the policies. The Constitutional provisions are also providing immense protection in the name of directive principles of state policy and the fundamental rights. All the programmes and provisions related to aged are meant to provide aid and protection, prevent neglect, abuse, and exploitation and provide assistance to those deprived and mainstream them.

· Section 125 (10 (d) of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973

· Section 20 (3) of the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956

· Article 41 of the Indian Constitution

· State list item 9

· Concurrent List 20, 23 and 24

· National policy on older persons – 1999

· National policy on senior citizens – 2011

· The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007

· Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 (No. 78 of 1956)

· Section 20, Maintenance of Children and Aged Parents

· Code of Criminal Procedure Act, 1973 (No. 2 of 1974)

· Section 125, Order for Maintenance of Wives, Children, and Parents

· Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (No. 43 of 2005)

· Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 (56 of 2007)

Global Initiatives for the Protection of Aged:

Older persons are increasingly seen as contributors to development, whose abilities to act for the betterment of them, their societies should be woven into policies, and programmes at all levels. Currently, 64 percent of all older persons live in the less developed regions — a number expected to approach 80 percent by 2050. To begin addressing these issues, the General Assembly convened the first World Assembly on Ageing in 1982, which produced a 62-point “Vienna International Plan of Action on Ageing”. It called for specific action on such issues as health and nutrition, protecting elderly consumers, housing and environment, family, social welfare, income security and employment, education, and the collection and analysis of research data. In 1991, the General Assembly adopted the United Nations Principles for Older Persons, enumerating 18 entitlements for older persons — relating to independence, participation, care, self-fulfilment and dignity. The UN General Assembly declared 1999 the International Year of Older Persons. On 14 December 1990, the United Nations General Assembly (by resolution 45/106) designated 1 October the International Day of Older Persons. This was preceded by initiatives such as the Vienna International Plan of Action on Ageing - which was adopted by the 1982 World Assembly on Ageing - and endorsed later that year by the UN General Assembly. In 1991, the General Assembly (by resolution 46/91) adopted the United Nations Principles for Older Persons.

In 2002, the Second World Assembly on Ageing adopted the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, to respond to the opportunities and challenges of population ageing in the 21st century and to promote the development of a society for all ages. The theme of the 2014 commemoration is “Leaving No One Behind: Promoting a Society for all”. If our ambition is to "Build the Future We Want", we must address the population over 60 which is expected to reach 1.4 billion by 2030. The World Elder Abuse Awareness Day (WEAAD) happens each year on June 15. The United Nations General Assembly officially recognized it in December 2011, following a request by the International Network for the Prevention of Elder Abuse (INPEA), who first established the commemoration in June 2006. It represents the one day in the year when the whole world voices its opposition to the abuse and suffering inflicted to some of our older generations.

Factors contributing the growing problems of the elderly:

Every nook and corner of India is a clear display of increasing population. Whether you are in a metro station, airport, railway station, road, highway, bus stop, hospital, shopping mall, market, temple, or even in a social/ religious gathering, we see all these places are over-crowded at any time of the day. India’s older population will increase dramatically over the next four decades. This is a clear indication of overpopulation in the country. There are many common factors leading to growing the problems of elder population in India. They are: The birth rate is still higher than the death rate, faster growth of urbanization and industrialization, disintegration of joint families, following old-fashioned culture, distribution of properties, malnutrition and unhealthy conditions, lack of care, treatment and meditation, personal habits like smoking, alcohol, social mobilization/isolation/migration, changing attitudes towards elderly, generation gap, physical separation etc. This profound shift in the share of older Indians—taking place in the context of changing family relationships and severely limited old-age income support—brings with it a variety of social, economic, and healthcare policy challenges. These above conditions are thrown them into the tragedy of black hole. Against this background, the researcher was tried to provide a ‘SMART” framework for the inclusion and active development of the elder population in the modern era.

‘SMART’ Framework for Inclusion of Elderly:

In this modern context, everything is associated with SMART. It is a mnemonic acronym, giving criteria to guide in the setting of objectives. It is not a simply acronym but it is a self-guided and fully equipped approach in any field of society. This word SMART is helping, guiding, motivating, modifying and emerging many individuals/groups/communities. On the eve of the workshop and the celebration of Senior Citizens Day, I would like to propose an inclusive approach i.e. SMART to recognise the contributions of older persons to our society and to providing support to older persons in our communities. The SMART model is an innovative approach consists of different strategies to support the millions of elder persons in India prepared by the researcher. The SMART framework is follows..............

S - Secured and Quality of Life to Elderly

M - Make a Difference

A - Adoption of Elder Persons by Young generation

R - Recognise that Senior Citizens are a Valuable Source (Think Tanks)

T - Treat as Twichild

S - Secured and Quality of Life to Elder Persons:

The right life is the fundamental right of every citizen of India. This right will be safe guarded by the Constitution of India and the other policies and programmes constituted by the government of India. According to draft on National Policy on Senior Citizens, 2011 1/8th of the world's elderly population lives in India and more significantly over 50% of the elder population lives in poverty and it is increasing day by day. Problems of the elderly have an impact on the quality of life, health care, and social security. In this regard, how can they enjoy their rights, who will protect and ensure their lives? Due to drastic changes in the social, political, economic and health conditions of the India’s elder population became as the most disadvantaged group in the society. In the process of human life, health is very important component and it need to be secure with adoption of good life styles. The current health care system and life style have various number of challenges and the most important is the declining of function of the body and affects the aging process. Adoption of Physical exercise is increasing life span and reduce the risk of features of early ageing. Pattern of physical activities might be affect by aging and genotype, and physical action thus may affect physiologic limit, psychologic wellbeing, dietary admission, other antagonistic practices, or hazard variables for unending chronic diseases (Mohamad Qulam Zaki Bin Mohamad Rasidi, 2016). In this connection, this is the time to provide secured and quality of life to elder persons in the life process through encouraging healthy physiological practices. This strategy looks to increasing the secured and quality of life through the implementing strategies.

§ Protect them from abuse and exploitation

§ Ensure the quality of life and improving their standard of living through systematic long-term saving instruments and credit activities.

§ Encouraging the practice of physical activities might be affect by aging.

§ To providing income generation activities after superannuation.

§ To establish quick and immediate response system at divisional and district level for proper implementation of elder related policies and programmes

§ To train medical and paramedical staff to treat and behave friendly with the elder persons

§ To make available all type of healthcare facilities, especially for the non-communicable diseases.

§ The government and NGOs need to ensure their shelter, health care and welfare in a right manner.

§ Media can play an active role to provide these all facilities to elderly.

M – Make a Difference:

Our every act of compassion towards the betterment of older population makes a difference in their lives. We need to create space through promoting active ageing framework given by the WHO. In 1999, during the International Year of Older Persons, World Health Organization launched a new campaign highlighting the benefits of Active Ageing. This was in perfect harmony with the slogan for the International Year “Towards a Society or All Ages” as Active Ageing highlights the importance of social integration and health throughout the life course. Aging people will tend to maintain the same habits, personalities, and life style that they have developed in earlier years (Avani H. Sheth, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen, Naman B. Doshi, 2011). In addition to that, our global world needs to concentrate on ‘Aged-Friendly’ issues for making older people active and differ than others. Population ageing and urbanization are two global trends that together comprise major forces shaping the 21st century (WHO).

Older people are a resource for their families, communities, and economies in supportive and enabling living environments. WHO regards active ageing as a lifelong process shaped by several factors that, alone and acting together, favour health, participation and security in older adult life. Building cities are to become more age-friendly to tap the potential that older people represent for humanity. The converging trends of rapid growth of the population over 60 years of age and of urbanization creating a challenge for cities and the traditional practices are ruined and more than no one in practice. The disintegration of joint family system in India and the high cost of living in modern cities and developing nations creating low spaces to the elder and other family members. Not only the above examples but also so many issues are creating uncongenial atmosphere to elder people. In every sphere of life, owing to social complexities or individual's own high aspirations, people are encountering stresses of various degrees very frequently. Stress affects the health by lowering the resistance to disease and making the person more vulnerable to illness. The effect of stress on health depends heavily upon the severity of stress (G. Maheswari, 2014). The risk encountering stress is very high in aged people than younger people so that, frequent nursing care need to care about the aged. It is essential to promote age-friendly communities as global agenda from the bottom-top approach. In this context, the authors proposed to make a difference through promoting the following aged-friendly activities:

§ Encouraging ‘Active Ageing’

§ Age-friendly Community movements

§ Age-friendly Cities and Villages

§ Age-friendly PHC or Hospitals

§ Age-friendly Nursing Care

§ Age-friendly Work environment

§ Age-friendly Policing

The above age-friendly activities are will be taken as a convergence model in collaboration with local and global level stakeholders. Age-friendly initiatives encourage active ageing by optimizing opportunities for health, participation, and security in order to enhance the quality of life as people age. Active ageing allows people to realize their potential for physical, social, and mental well-being throughout the life course. It will make a difference for the overall development of the aged population.

A - Adoption of Elder Persons by Young Generation:

India is a rich source of Vedic culture, Dharma, and Rightness. This culture created a path to act as humane and empathetic in concern with the disadvantages in the society. Significantly, in this country always encourage the system of adoption. We adopt trees to protect and grow, we adopt villages to reconstruct and sustain them and we adopt children when we do not have. This basic instinct nurtured by our ancestors. Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002 (para.19) is also clearly stated, "A society for all ages encompasses the goal of providing older persons with the opportunity to continue contributing to society. To work towards this goal, it is necessary to remove whatever excludes or discriminates against them." Increasing of technology and modern culture building gaps between generations. Even using the technology like; face book, twitter and other social media is very low compare than younger generations. Only 7 percent of 55-65 age group are using Facebook is a leading social network (Bhumika K., et al, 2013). Younger generations need to support the aged in using technology and social network to share their happiness, joy, sad everything to their fellow beings. In this connection, citizens of India solemnly resolve that to adopt our elder persons other than our family members to provide care and support. Here, the adoption of elder persons and providing care and support is not an easy task but we can prove it with a sincere effort. Elder persons they need our empathy, response, recognition, love, affection, and care.

§ Showing empathy than sympathy

§ Building rapport with elder persons

§ Spending our precious time to listen to their views

§ To create multigenerational bond

§ As beneficiaries of advance technology, we need to assist them to learn advancements with the result of their generation.

§ Being responsible for ensuring their quality of life as an individual.

R - Recognise that Senior Citizens are a Valuable Source (Think tanks):

Older persons increasingly seen as contributors to development, whose abilities to act for the betterment of them, their societies should wove into policies, and programmes at all levels (United Nations). Recognise that senior citizens are a valuable resource for the country, create an environment that provides them with equal opportunities, protects their rights, and enable their full participation in society (NPOSC, 2011). In this call, we the younger generation need to respect and recognise them think tanks and we can utilise their services. In order to recognise that senior citizens are a Valuable Source some of the following strategies, we need to implement.

§ Provides equal opportunities

§ Protection of their Rights

§ Active participation in development process

§ Treat them as a wealth of the younger generations

§ To create a network with senior citizens

T - To Treat as a Twichild:

Today you are young but tomorrow you will grow. This is an unexceptionable process of every human life. As human beings, we need to protect our elder in an empathetic way. The functional capacity of an individual's biological system naturally declines thereafter adulthood. According to W.H.O, reports around 6% of older people in developed countries have experienced some form of maltreatment at home. Abusive acts in institutions include physically restraining residents, depriving them of dignity and intentionally providing insufficient care. Against this background, we need to provide care and support to our elder like a child. In this connection, the author has a great pleasure to propose elder as ‘TWICHILD' (Being in a second childhood).

§ Ensuring their DIGNITY

§ CARE them like a child

§ SERVE them like a child

§ NOURISH them like a child

§ PROTECT them like a child, but

§ Recognise them as a great source of the life.

Necessary Contributions from Stakeholders:

This SMART framework is being a signatory instrument to promote care and support to the elder population in the society. In the process of application of the approach required some necessary contributions from the individuals, Governments, Non-government organisations and the media.

· Strict implementation of the policies/programmes/schemes related to elder persons. Active participation in the process of adopting elder persons.

· To encourage voluntary participation of the young generation to understand and recognise the problems and prospects of the elderly.

· Appointing professionally trained Social Worker at the Mandal level to take care of the elderly and act as the mediator between the government and other allied sectors.

· To provide health insurance for poor elder persons through the government like the government of Andhra Pradesh initiative ‘Arogya Raksha’.

· To provide elder-friendly police system at every station and double in punishments, while abusing of the elderly and crime against senior citizens especially widows and those who are living alone.

· Promoting multigenerational clubs and recreational facilities.

· Special budgetary allocation for the elder population. Incorporation of value education in school curriculum on the subject of the elder persons.

· Geriatric and Gerontology should be a part of the curriculum for students in graduate and post-graduate colleges. India and Andhra Pradesh will be an active member of the World Health Organisation's Global Age-Friendly Cities Network.

· Establishment of study centres on ageing in the premises of Universities and other reputed educational and research institutions in India. Identifying the areas of research related to geriatric diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, psychiatric, respiratory, cardiovascular, physical disability etc.

CONCLUSION:

The old age is not without problems. In old age, physical strength deteriorates, mental stability diminishes; money power becomes bleak coupled with negligence from the younger generation. In India, the size of the elderly population, i.e. persons above the age of 60 years is fast growing although it constituted only 8.6% of total population at the turn of the new millennium. Unfortunately, we are unable to fulfil needs of the elder population. This may pose mounting pressures on various socio-economic fronts including pension outlays, health care expenditures, fiscal discipline, savings levels etc. Government is continuously doing better activities for the interest of the elderly and other side NGOs and Civil Societies also sharing their hands in support of elderly. However, the bottlenecks and the leakages of the programmes and schemes are shrinking the basic philosophy of the constitution. A thousand miles of journey starts with a single step with this inspiration we strive to be work hard and spend time for the betterment of our elder generations who are parents, friends, guides, mentors, and gurus of the society.

As a white candle in a holy place so is the beauty of an aged face

- Joseph Campbell

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

Primarily, this paper presented at the workshop on Senior Citizens' Protection and Welfare held on 8 August 2015 organized by Centre for Study Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy (CSSEIP), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. In this connection, the authors would like to thanks to the organisers and co-participants to make fruitful suggestions to make this research article.

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Received on 19.01.2017 Modified on 28.02.2017

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2018; 9(1): 04-10.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2018.00002.5